droits de l'homme
40 ans après sa mort, le Che ne fait plus rêver
Le cubain le plus célèbre du monde est né Argentin : Ernesto Che Guevara de la Serna voit le jour le 14 juin 1928 à Rosario dans une famille de la petite bourgeoisie aisée. Rien ne semble prédisposer le jeune Ernesto à prendre le chemin de la lutte armée : de constitution physique plutôt fragile, il est asthmatique.
Le Che fait partie des 12 survivants débarqués clandestinement et en catastrophe en novembre 1956 sur les côtes cubaines avec Fidel Castro.
A partir de 1959,durant les premiers mois qui suivent la victoire de la révolution cubaine, le comandante Guevara se retrouve à la tête de la prison de la Cabana, une ancienne forteresse coloniale de La Havane. Sa mission : superviser les exécutions des anciens du régime de Batista, puis de révolutionnaires jugés trop timorés. Les tribunaux révolutionnaires siègent sans discontinuer dans toutes les casernes, sous les ordres de Raúl Castro, le frère de Fidel et à la Cabaña sous les ordres de Guevara. Dariel Alarcón Ramírez, dit « Benigno » ancien compagnon d’arme du Che recueille les témoignages des soldats qui décrivent Guevara observant les exécutions, en fumant un cigare sur le mur qui surplombe le fossé de la forteresse. « Pour ces soldats qui, jamais auparavant, n’avaient vu le Che, c’était quelque chose d’important. Cela leur donnait beaucoup de courage », raconte-t-il aujourd’hui.
Aujourd’hui le plus célèbre des guérilleros de la Sierra Maestra est devenu un produit touristique du régime cubain au même titre que le rhum et les cigares. Le Che est partout : sur les badges, les tee shirts, les porte clés, les montres, les posters, les cartes postales vendues dans les boutiques d’État.
Triste fin pour un héros de la révolution : voir sa propre effigie délaissée au profit du dollar, le plus méprisable des symboles de l’impérialisme américain. Les gamins de La Havane ont flairé la bonne affaire : ils essaient de vendre aux touristes les pièces de trois pesos à l’effigie du Che, pour trois dollars. Bénéfice escompté : près de 75 pesos (un demi SMIC cubain) puisqu’aux dernières nouvelles, le dollar s’échangeait à 25 pesos. Même les boutiques d’État dans les hôtels pour touristes se livrent à ce trafic peu glorieux : vendre billets et pièces à l’effigie du Che pour leur valeur en dollar.
Récemment un livre intitulé « La face cachée du Che » (Jacobo Machover) fait la lumière sur qui était véritablement le Che. Un stalinien intransigeant, loin, très loin du Robin des Bois tropical dans lequel des générations entières ont cru voir l’incarnation de l’idéal révolutionnaire.
« J’ai longtemps figuré parmi les admirateurs de Che Guevara » confesse Jacobo Machover dans une phrase d’introduction quasi proustienne de son dernier essai. Le moins que l’on puisse dire, c’est qu’il n’est pas le seul à avoir commis cette erreur de jeunesse. En effet qui n’a jamais eu son T shirt, ou son poster « Che » pour souligner son esprit de rébellion, où son attachement, même très théorique, aux idéaux révolutionnaires ? « La figure du Che est devenue oecuménique » poursuit Machover « elle a perdu tout sens. Elle reflète un mélange de modernité, d’idéalisme vers un futur plus attractif, et de nostalgie envers un temps qui n’est plus. »
Le Che est partout, mais il n’est nulle part dans ce qui reste du socialisme cubain dont il avait lui-même posé les bases. Pas un jour sans que la propagande officielle ne célèbre un des faits d’armes de l’autre Comandante, ou ne rappelle une de ses citations pour tenter de démontrer laborieusement la fidélité du régime castriste aux idéaux du Che. Granma a beau insister lourdement sur son goût pour le travail volontaire et ressasser ses efforts pour augmenter la productivité et l’émulation, il ne reste pas grand-chose dans le Cuba d’aujourd’hui de « l’homme nouveau » que la révolution devait engendrer selon le Che. « Le Che mort deviendrait le meilleur ambassadeur planétaire de la révolution cubaine, ce qu’il n’avait pas été de don vivant » résume Machover.
droits de l'homme
L’organisation internationale contre la torture lance une « intervention d’urgence » pour José Daniel Ferrer
MIAMI, États-Unis.- L’Observatoire pour la protection des défenseurs des droits humains (OPDDH), a lancé ce vendredi une campagne d' »Interventions urgentes » en faveur du prisonnier politique et de conscience cubain José Daniel Ferrer García, leader de l’Union patriotique de Cuba (UNPACU), selon une note de Radio Televisión Martí.
droits de l'homme
Who Is Filling Cuba’s University Classrooms?
New students at the University of Havana (14ymedio) Born during the Special Period, they have grown up trapped in the dual currency system, and when they get their degrees Raul Castro will no longer be in power. They are the more than 100,000 young people just starting college throughout the country. Their brief biographies include educational experiments, battles of ideas, and the emergence of new technologies They know more about X-Men than about Elpidio Valdés, and only remember Fidel Castro from old photos and archived documentaries. They are the Wi-Fi kids with their pirate networks, raised with the « packets » of copied shows and illegal satellite dishes
New students at the University of Havana (14ymedio)
Born during the Special Period, they have grown up trapped in the dual currency system, and when they get their degrees Raul Castro will no longer be in power. They are the more than 100,000 young people just starting college throughout the country. Their brief biographies include educational experiments, battles of ideas, and the emergence of new technologies They know more about X-Men than about Elpidio Valdés, and only remember Fidel Castro from old photos and archived documentaries.
They are the Wi-Fi kids with their pirate networks, raised with the « packets » of copied shows and illegal satellite dishes. Some nights they would connect through routers and play strategy video games that made them feel powerful and free. Whoever wants to know them should know that they’ve had « emerging teachers » since elementary school and were taught grammar, math and ideology via television screens. However, they ended up being the least ideological of the Cubans who today inhabit this Island, the most cosmopolitan and with the greatest vision of the future.
On arriving at junior high school they played at throwing around around the obligatory snack of bread while their parents furtively passed their lunches through the school gate. They have a special physical ability, an adaptation that has allowed them to survive the environment; they don’t hear what doesn’t interest them, they close their ears to the harangues of morning assemblies and politicians. They seem lazier than other generations and in reality they are, but in their case this apathy acts like an evolutionary advantage. They’re better than us and will live in a country that has nothing to do with what we were promised.
A few months ago, these same young people, starred in the best known case of school fraud uncovered publicly. Some of those hoping to earn a place in higher education bought the answers to an admissions test. They were used to paying for approval, because they had to turn to private tutors to teach them what they should have learned in the classroom. Many of those who recently enrolled in the university had private teachers starting in elementary school. They are the children of a new emerging class that has used its resources so that their children can reach a desk at the right hand — or the left — of the alma mater.
These young people dressed in uniforms in their earlier grades, but they struggled to differentiate themselves through the length of a shirt, a fringe of bleached hair, or through pants sagging below their hips. They are the children of those who barely had a change of underwear in the nineties, so their parents tried to make sure they didn’t « go through the same thing, » and turned to the black market for their clothes and shoes. They mock the false austerity and, not wanting to look like militants, they love bright shiny colors and name brand outfits.
Yesterday, with the start of the school year, they received a lecture about the attempts of « imperialism to undermine the revolution through its youth. » It was like a faint drizzle running over an impervious surface. The government is right to be worried; these young people who have entered the university will never become good soldiers or fanatics. The clay from which they are made cannot be molded.
Excerpt from:
Who Is Filling Cuba’s University Classrooms?
droits de l'homme
A Caricature of a Cuban Woman
Woman drinking (14ymedio) 14yMEDIO, Yoani Sanchez, Havana, 22 August 2014 — A woman on national television said that her husband « helps » her with some household chores. To many, the phrase may sound like the highest aspiration of every woman. Another lady asserts that her husband behaves like a « Federated man, » an allusion to the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which today is celebrating its 54th anniversary. As for me, on this side of the screen, I feel sorry for them in the face of such meekness
14yMEDIO, Yoani Sanchez, Havana, 22 August 2014 — A woman on national television said that her husband « helps » her with some household chores. To many, the phrase may sound like the highest aspiration of every woman. Another lady asserts that her husband behaves like a « Federated man, » an allusion to the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which today is celebrating its 54th anniversary. As for me, on this side of the screen, I feel sorry for them in the face of such meekness. Instead of the urgent demands they should mention, all I hear is this appreciation directed to a power as manly as it is deaf.
It’s not about « helping » to wash a plate or watch the kids, nor tiny illusory gender quotas that hide so much discrimination like a slap. The problem is that economic and political power remains mainly in masculine hands. What percentage of car owners are women? How many acres of land are owned or leased by women. How many Cuban ambassadors on missions abroad wear skirts? Can anyone recite the number of men who request paternity leave to take care of their newborns? How many young men are stopped by the police each day to warn them they can’t walk with a tourist? Who mostly attends the parent meetings at the schools?
Please, don’t try to « put us to sleep » with figures in the style of, « 65 percent of our cadres and 50 percent of our grassroots leaders are women. » The only thing this statistic means is that more responsibility falls on our shoulders, which means neither a high decision-making level nor greater rights. At least such a triumphalist phrase clarifies that there are « grassroots leaders, » because we know that decisions at the highest level are made by men who grew up under the precepts that we women are beautiful ornaments to have at hand… always and as long as we keep our mouths shut.
I feel sorry for the docile and timid feminist movement that exists in my country. Ashamed for those ladies with their ridiculous necklaces and abundant makeup who appear in the official media to tell us that « the Cuban woman has been the greatest ally of the Revolution. » Words spoken at the same moment when a company director is sexually harassing his secretary, when a beaten woman can’t get a restraining order against her abusive husband, when a policeman tells the victim of a sexual assault, « Well, with that skirt you’re wearing… » and the government recruits shock troops for an act of repudiation against the Ladies in White.
Women are the sector of the population that has the most reason to shout their displeasure. Because half a century after the founding of the caricature of an organization that is the Federation of Cuban Women, we are neither more free, nor more powerful, nor even more independent.
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A Caricature of a Cuban Woman